no teacher today, so did a bit of reading on my own.
genetic therapy is used to replace or correct genes that express negative traits.
it is mostly used for cancer cells, but can also be used to treat infectious diseases and hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
i was wondering how they go about inserting the genes to multiple cells, or if they insert it to one. it's quite genius actually, it's called trans.. something (LAWL i'll check later) and they use viruses to spread the new gene to other cells.
genius really.
Showing posts with label biology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label biology. Show all posts
Monday, August 23, 2010
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
bio (0616) - SfBH: pasteur & koch
no teacher today, so we had to read things on our own.
louis pasteur was a french chemist who studied the shape of organic crystals. he discovered that diseases were caused by micro-organisms, and this was known as GERM THEORY OF DISEASE. pasteur was the guy who eliminated the theory of spontaneous generation, which was previously believed that maggots and things appeared out of nowhere. he also created the process of pasteurisation, which in ag we have learned that is the method of heating liquid to high temperatures to kill microbes.
robert koch created a set of postulates known as KOCH's POSTULATES to identify which micro-organisms caused diseases
- the organism needed to always be present when the disease occurred
- it needed to be isolated and grown in pure culture
- organisms from the culture when given to healthy hosts produced diseasse
- this is repeated and compared to the first host
louis pasteur was a french chemist who studied the shape of organic crystals. he discovered that diseases were caused by micro-organisms, and this was known as GERM THEORY OF DISEASE. pasteur was the guy who eliminated the theory of spontaneous generation, which was previously believed that maggots and things appeared out of nowhere. he also created the process of pasteurisation, which in ag we have learned that is the method of heating liquid to high temperatures to kill microbes.
robert koch created a set of postulates known as KOCH's POSTULATES to identify which micro-organisms caused diseases
- the organism needed to always be present when the disease occurred
- it needed to be isolated and grown in pure culture
- organisms from the culture when given to healthy hosts produced diseasse
- this is repeated and compared to the first host
Thursday, April 22, 2010
bio (0422) - BoL: DNA revision
well we finished the experiment today too, we wrote down results. essentially the plants that were watered grew many, large leaves, as opposed to pretty much none on the unwatered plants. also the ones that got more sunlight had bigger leaves.
after that we just did a bit of revision on DNA.
deoxyribonucleic acid, is composed of nucleotides. a nucleotide is composed of a sugar (deoxyribose) a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine) and a phosphate that bonds the sugar to another sugar.
RNA is pretty much the same, but unlike DNA that is a double helix, RNA is a single strand, and it has uracil instead of thymine.
random note: humans have been around for like a million years, and cyanobacteria like dominiated for liek 2 billion years, dinosaurs for like 400 million.
mitosis produces 2 daughter cells taht are identical, and have a set of chromosomes each (46 for people) these are somatic cells.
the opposite of somatic cells are gametic cells, or gametes (sex cells) they only possess half the amount of chromosomes each (23) and they combine to create the offspring's genes and stuff. this is what causes variation, and hence, evolution.
after that we just did a bit of revision on DNA.
deoxyribonucleic acid, is composed of nucleotides. a nucleotide is composed of a sugar (deoxyribose) a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine) and a phosphate that bonds the sugar to another sugar.
RNA is pretty much the same, but unlike DNA that is a double helix, RNA is a single strand, and it has uracil instead of thymine.
random note: humans have been around for like a million years, and cyanobacteria like dominiated for liek 2 billion years, dinosaurs for like 400 million.
mitosis produces 2 daughter cells taht are identical, and have a set of chromosomes each (46 for people) these are somatic cells.
the opposite of somatic cells are gametic cells, or gametes (sex cells) they only possess half the amount of chromosomes each (23) and they combine to create the offspring's genes and stuff. this is what causes variation, and hence, evolution.
Wednesday, March 17, 2010
bio (0317) - BoL: DNA
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
it's what stores information and dictates how an organism is.. built? DNA is found in the chromosomes within the nucleus.
the two helixes are made of sugars (deoxyribose - ribose that has been deoxygenated) that are held together by phosphates. ribose is a pentose, which means it's a sugar that consists of 5 carbon atoms.
the four nitrogen bases are: adenine & guanine (purines) aka the big ones and thymine and cytosine (pyrimidine) aka the small ones. adenine and thymine are always paired up and joined by 2 hydrogen bonds, and guanine and cytosine are always paired up, joined by 3 hydrogen bonds.
a base attached to a sugar and phosphate is called a nucleotide. DNA consists of many nucleotides all joined up together.
DNA replicates when the double helix is split. since the bases only have one possible pair each, the DNA components floating around join up to make separate pairs for the split helixes, thus duplicating the original
it's what stores information and dictates how an organism is.. built? DNA is found in the chromosomes within the nucleus.
the two helixes are made of sugars (deoxyribose - ribose that has been deoxygenated) that are held together by phosphates. ribose is a pentose, which means it's a sugar that consists of 5 carbon atoms.
the four nitrogen bases are: adenine & guanine (purines) aka the big ones and thymine and cytosine (pyrimidine) aka the small ones. adenine and thymine are always paired up and joined by 2 hydrogen bonds, and guanine and cytosine are always paired up, joined by 3 hydrogen bonds.
a base attached to a sugar and phosphate is called a nucleotide. DNA consists of many nucleotides all joined up together.
DNA replicates when the double helix is split. since the bases only have one possible pair each, the DNA components floating around join up to make separate pairs for the split helixes, thus duplicating the original
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
bio (0315) - BoL: [p] nature vs nurture
today.. ok it wans't mentiond, but we talked about a concept in ag:
P = G + E
where:
P = phenotype
G = genotype
E = environment
basically.. we wanted to know the effects of environmental conditions on two organisms with exactly the same genotype, how it would affect the phenotype.
now to have reliable results, we'd need the same genotype in two or more organisms. that's impossible unless we have identical twins etc, or clones. but.. there is a way. we took cuttings from a geranium plant, which means each cutting had exactly the same genetic makeup as the original plant.
now there were a number of environmental factors we considered altering that could affect the phenotype.. including light, soil type, air temperature, etc. but we decided to do water since it's the easiest to control and measure, and is a required ingredient for photosynthesis.
we did about 8-9 cuttings for each variable (water or unwatered) and they were al the same length (9cm) and planted in the same type of soil, in the same sized pots, in the same room. this was to make sure that the only altered variable between the two was the availability of water. none of the cuttings had leaves too, but each had at least one node.
see book for method and details, and results will be recorded later.
P = G + E
where:
P = phenotype
G = genotype
E = environment
basically.. we wanted to know the effects of environmental conditions on two organisms with exactly the same genotype, how it would affect the phenotype.
now to have reliable results, we'd need the same genotype in two or more organisms. that's impossible unless we have identical twins etc, or clones. but.. there is a way. we took cuttings from a geranium plant, which means each cutting had exactly the same genetic makeup as the original plant.
now there were a number of environmental factors we considered altering that could affect the phenotype.. including light, soil type, air temperature, etc. but we decided to do water since it's the easiest to control and measure, and is a required ingredient for photosynthesis.
we did about 8-9 cuttings for each variable (water or unwatered) and they were al the same length (9cm) and planted in the same type of soil, in the same sized pots, in the same room. this was to make sure that the only altered variable between the two was the availability of water. none of the cuttings had leaves too, but each had at least one node.
see book for method and details, and results will be recorded later.
Wednesday, March 10, 2010
bio (0310) - BoL: sex-linked genes
some alleles can only be found on the sex chromosomes: X and Y
note that the Y chromosome is significantly shorter than the X chromosome (this could be due to some kind of evolutionary change) and as a result carries less alleles.
also, as a result, it means if there is an allele for a certain trait or disease on the X chromosome for a man, there would be nothing on the Y and the X would determine stuff. catch it? because of this, men can't carry certain things, they can either just have the disease or not.
if you try draw punnet squares for two alleles and sex-linking them.. the result is 4 babies, with 2 male and 2 female, and the genotypes mixed accordingly. not that 4 babies are born, that's just the chance.
this is hard to explain.. but i understand it so that's what's important hahaha.
there are cases that a trait can be carried on the Y only, but it's not taht common. it's usually on the X since the X is the epic long one.
in the case of recessive diseases. this is why females can carry the disease but not necessarily have it. if they had a heterozygous pair-up for that disease, it'd mean they can carry the disease but not have it.
in the case of men, if they received one of the X chromosomes from their mother (they'd have to since they receive Y from their father) then either they have it (receive recessive gene, nothing on Y to counter it) or they dont (receive dominant gene, no issue there)
note that the Y chromosome is significantly shorter than the X chromosome (this could be due to some kind of evolutionary change) and as a result carries less alleles.
also, as a result, it means if there is an allele for a certain trait or disease on the X chromosome for a man, there would be nothing on the Y and the X would determine stuff. catch it? because of this, men can't carry certain things, they can either just have the disease or not.
if you try draw punnet squares for two alleles and sex-linking them.. the result is 4 babies, with 2 male and 2 female, and the genotypes mixed accordingly. not that 4 babies are born, that's just the chance.
this is hard to explain.. but i understand it so that's what's important hahaha.
there are cases that a trait can be carried on the Y only, but it's not taht common. it's usually on the X since the X is the epic long one.
in the case of recessive diseases. this is why females can carry the disease but not necessarily have it. if they had a heterozygous pair-up for that disease, it'd mean they can carry the disease but not have it.
in the case of men, if they received one of the X chromosomes from their mother (they'd have to since they receive Y from their father) then either they have it (receive recessive gene, nothing on Y to counter it) or they dont (receive dominant gene, no issue there)
bio (0309) - BoL: pedigree charts
just get used to using key etc, and sticking to it. taht has been an issue in the past apparently.
conventionally its just squares and circles that represent male/female respectively, and they are shaded in black if they are affected by the named heriditary trait.
know how to make family trees right?
join up parents with line and draw line down to children. children can link to other partners and have more children..
etc.
have to be able to read them too and draw genotypes from looking at these things
i cant really say anything much here.. it's more a visual thing than a verbal thing but yeah.
conventionally its just squares and circles that represent male/female respectively, and they are shaded in black if they are affected by the named heriditary trait.
know how to make family trees right?
join up parents with line and draw line down to children. children can link to other partners and have more children..
etc.
have to be able to read them too and draw genotypes from looking at these things
i cant really say anything much here.. it's more a visual thing than a verbal thing but yeah.
Saturday, March 6, 2010
bio (0305) - BoL: punnett squares
simple concept. have the male alleles on the top, and the female down the side. so there's a 2x2 box corresponding to these alleles, which decides the possibilities for genotypes.
conventionally, something Aa and aA are the same, but the dominant allele comes first.
eg something like
\...|.A...|...a...|
....________
.A.| AA | Aa |
__________
.a. | Aa | aa
thats kinda confusing but yeah
take note taht often certain features are affected by a number of genes, not just one. and if the two alleles of the same gene appear on a single chromosome, well then it doesnt get split during meiosis then.
one more thing.
organisms with two same alleles for the same gene are known as homozygous for that feature, likewise having two different alleles makes them heterozygous
conventionally, something Aa and aA are the same, but the dominant allele comes first.
eg something like
\...|.A...|...a...|
....________
.A.| AA | Aa |
__________
.a. | Aa | aa
thats kinda confusing but yeah
take note taht often certain features are affected by a number of genes, not just one. and if the two alleles of the same gene appear on a single chromosome, well then it doesnt get split during meiosis then.
one more thing.
organisms with two same alleles for the same gene are known as homozygous for that feature, likewise having two different alleles makes them heterozygous
Thursday, March 4, 2010
bio (0303) - BoL: genetic manipulation
watched a video on how technology has evolved so that we can manipulate genetics ourselves.
the video actually started talking about mendel, but already enough notes on him, something interesting to note though is that the monks burnt his work after he died, coz they thought it would be of no use to anyone.
anyway.. humans have been manipulating genetics for generations without realizing, with methods such as selective breeding, taking the best qualities of crops or livestock and passing it onto offspring. genetic manipulation nowadays is just a shortcut really.
some interesting examples would include the tilapia fish, which has had genes from salmon transferred to it so that they are bigger. also the banana plant (herb not tree) can have genes inserted in them that prevent bananas from going bad while on the shelves of stores.
genes can be transferred right from the embryonic stages, in which case the genes are fired into the nucleus of cells using a high-powered gun.
anyway im not exactly sure if i got allt he wordings right, since we didnt take notes. but i think here's the general geist.
the video actually started talking about mendel, but already enough notes on him, something interesting to note though is that the monks burnt his work after he died, coz they thought it would be of no use to anyone.
anyway.. humans have been manipulating genetics for generations without realizing, with methods such as selective breeding, taking the best qualities of crops or livestock and passing it onto offspring. genetic manipulation nowadays is just a shortcut really.
some interesting examples would include the tilapia fish, which has had genes from salmon transferred to it so that they are bigger. also the banana plant (herb not tree) can have genes inserted in them that prevent bananas from going bad while on the shelves of stores.
genes can be transferred right from the embryonic stages, in which case the genes are fired into the nucleus of cells using a high-powered gun.
anyway im not exactly sure if i got allt he wordings right, since we didnt take notes. but i think here's the general geist.
Monday, March 1, 2010
bio (0301) - BoL: gregor mendel
an austrian monk living in a monastery in what is now czechoslovakia. he published his findings about genetics in 1865, but his work was not realized until 1900. nowadays he is known as the father of genetics.
for years mendel tested the breeding of certain characteristics among peas.
his method worked because he tested for only one variable at a time, with only 2 possible outcomes, with no intermediates. he used purebred varieties to ensure validity, and used many peas of each kind per trial. his findings used numbers and statistics, which wasn't common among biologists at the time, but it made his findings better understood.
he tested factors such as:
tall x short
axial x terminal flowers
smooth x constricted pods
round x wrinkled seeds
his findings were that usually, the results in the 2nd generation after the purebred parrents favoured one characteristic over the other in a ration of 3:1. he realized that this is because one "factor" was dominant over the other.
consider an example tall (T) peas bred with short (s) peas
there are 4 possibilities of "factor" (allele) combinations:
TT Ts sT ss
since tall (T) is dominant, the three results with a T in them will result in tall peas, where as only the ss pea variety would result in short-stemmed peas.
for years mendel tested the breeding of certain characteristics among peas.
his method worked because he tested for only one variable at a time, with only 2 possible outcomes, with no intermediates. he used purebred varieties to ensure validity, and used many peas of each kind per trial. his findings used numbers and statistics, which wasn't common among biologists at the time, but it made his findings better understood.
he tested factors such as:
tall x short
axial x terminal flowers
smooth x constricted pods
round x wrinkled seeds
his findings were that usually, the results in the 2nd generation after the purebred parrents favoured one characteristic over the other in a ration of 3:1. he realized that this is because one "factor" was dominant over the other.
consider an example tall (T) peas bred with short (s) peas
there are 4 possibilities of "factor" (allele) combinations:
TT Ts sT ss
since tall (T) is dominant, the three results with a T in them will result in tall peas, where as only the ss pea variety would result in short-stemmed peas.
Sunday, February 28, 2010
bio (0224) - BoL: pentadactyl limb
today was about observing the similarities in the forelimbs of different organisms, to be specific.. the pentadactyl limb. these similar bone structures suggest that these animals evolved from a common ancestor, but adapting to suit their environment.
generally it consisted of a humerus, an ulna and radius, a carpal and 5 digits (fingers/toes, etc)
mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians share this common feature.
generally it consisted of a humerus, an ulna and radius, a carpal and 5 digits (fingers/toes, etc)
mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians share this common feature.
bio (0218) - BoL: [p] natural selection
did a prac today using printouts of moths.
it seems that white moths were the favourable kind (probably polar regions) over black or their offspring grey.
it was just a model, that showed breeding species, and also how different organisms are randomly "naturally selected" and thus killed off.
it wasnt long before the black population died out, since they were the favourable kind to be eaten according to our chance wheels, in which 3/6 were black, 2/6 were grey and 1/6 were white.
see? bias much hahaha
it seems that white moths were the favourable kind (probably polar regions) over black or their offspring grey.
it was just a model, that showed breeding species, and also how different organisms are randomly "naturally selected" and thus killed off.
it wasnt long before the black population died out, since they were the favourable kind to be eaten according to our chance wheels, in which 3/6 were black, 2/6 were grey and 1/6 were white.
see? bias much hahaha
bio (0217) - BoL: evolution
BLUEPRINT OF LIFE!
hurrah new subject.
we already know how evolution goes by darwinism ideas: natural selection.
there is always variation within a population, but this is beneficial if the environment changes. offspring with favourable characteristics to suit the environment breed more offspring with those characteristics.
natural selection ie. survival of the fittest.
generations continuously pass on these favourable characteristics, and as environments change, so do adaptations, leading to evolution of species completely.
hurrah new subject.
we already know how evolution goes by darwinism ideas: natural selection.
there is always variation within a population, but this is beneficial if the environment changes. offspring with favourable characteristics to suit the environment breed more offspring with those characteristics.
natural selection ie. survival of the fittest.
generations continuously pass on these favourable characteristics, and as environments change, so do adaptations, leading to evolution of species completely.
bio (0216) - MaB: [p] conserving water
strange prac today using nail polish.
we took a few leaves, and applied nail polish onto small areas on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, then waited for it to dry.
once the nail polish was dry, we removed it using tweasers and looked at it under a microscope.
what we found was the imprint of the leaf on both sides, revealling that the lower surface of the leaf hand much more stomates (hundreds) than the top surface (about ten within that small area)
stomates are found under the leaf because it allows gaseous transfer without excessive loss of water.
we took a few leaves, and applied nail polish onto small areas on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, then waited for it to dry.
once the nail polish was dry, we removed it using tweasers and looked at it under a microscope.
what we found was the imprint of the leaf on both sides, revealling that the lower surface of the leaf hand much more stomates (hundreds) than the top surface (about ten within that small area)
stomates are found under the leaf because it allows gaseous transfer without excessive loss of water.
Wednesday, February 10, 2010
bio (0209) - MaB: [p] dissecting kidney
kidneys smell gross.
i thought i'd just put that out there LAWL
mr spies was talking about how cow kidneys are realy big, like basketball diameter, but meh, it was sheep kidneys today, since they're similar size to people kidneys.
ours was majorly squishy and hard to cut through.
in the end we got decent cut out of it, seeing the three things we needed to see.
- the pelvis where urine is collected
- the.. mutella? LAWL i forget.. i'll edit this blog.. but the point is.. look at your book fool!
i thought i'd just put that out there LAWL
mr spies was talking about how cow kidneys are realy big, like basketball diameter, but meh, it was sheep kidneys today, since they're similar size to people kidneys.
ours was majorly squishy and hard to cut through.
in the end we got decent cut out of it, seeing the three things we needed to see.
- the pelvis where urine is collected
- the.. mutella? LAWL i forget.. i'll edit this blog.. but the point is.. look at your book fool!
Tuesday, February 9, 2010
bio (0208) - MaB: enantiostasis
like homeostasis ish.
homeostasis maintains inner conditions regardless of external conditions, eg with temperature.
see enantiostasis changes physiological functions to adjust to environments.
estuaries are examples of these, organisms that respond to change in salinity.
eg animals such as sharks can swim from ocean up rivers, coz they can adjust to change in salinity.
homeostasis maintains inner conditions regardless of external conditions, eg with temperature.
see enantiostasis changes physiological functions to adjust to environments.
estuaries are examples of these, organisms that respond to change in salinity.
eg animals such as sharks can swim from ocean up rivers, coz they can adjust to change in salinity.
Monday, February 1, 2010
bio (0129) - MaB: kidneys
the kidneys have a number of jobs as we have discussed before.
they control water levels in the blood, and therefore the blood pressure within vessels. they control pH of blood and excrete waste, eg urea.
urea is a nitrogenous waste, and if split to ammonia, could be harmful to the body. it comes from deaminizing (breaking down of amino acids) and this is done in the liver.
some animals (that lay eggs) dont produce urea however, they produce uretal acid. this is because it isnt soluable. why is that important? coz the waste of the baby in the egg does not float around in the yolk. see in mammals.. waste just transfers to the mother and she excretes it.
so this includes birds, and as we later found out, reptiles. then i asked about monotremes.. and i couldnt get an answer.
they control water levels in the blood, and therefore the blood pressure within vessels. they control pH of blood and excrete waste, eg urea.
urea is a nitrogenous waste, and if split to ammonia, could be harmful to the body. it comes from deaminizing (breaking down of amino acids) and this is done in the liver.
some animals (that lay eggs) dont produce urea however, they produce uretal acid. this is because it isnt soluable. why is that important? coz the waste of the baby in the egg does not float around in the yolk. see in mammals.. waste just transfers to the mother and she excretes it.
so this includes birds, and as we later found out, reptiles. then i asked about monotremes.. and i couldnt get an answer.
Friday, December 11, 2009
bio (1210) - MaB: [p] analysing xylem
check prac report to double check, celery was left to absorn coloured water for af ew adys, and today was cut up, transverse and longitudal (thinly) and looked at under a microscope.
what was seen was drawn. observed uncoloured phloem adjacent xylem and lignin wrapped around xylem in the longitudal thingo
what was seen was drawn. observed uncoloured phloem adjacent xylem and lignin wrapped around xylem in the longitudal thingo
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
bio (1207) - MaB: xylem & phloem
late posts.
golly i'm behind. i really have to study for biology too. i am dead.
well.. no turning back.. must press on. notes time.
as we know, xylem and phloem are the transport systems in plants. today we got into detail.
XYLEM
they are single-cell thick tubes. how it starts is its a column of cells, and the tops and bottoms dissolve leaving a tube. xylem is made of dead cells.
PHLOEM
they're living cells. they're not exactly hollow tubes, instead of the tops and bottoms of the cells dissolving completley, they have holes and are hence known as sieve cells. since they're living, they need to function, but have no nucleus, so phloem cells have companion cells to do metabolizing for them.
xylem and phloem are always adjacent, so that water can diffuse from the xylem to the phloem as necessary to transport organic material. the process uses active transport, which means it spends energy to do this. it's all diffusion until the concentrated sugar (from the source, normally leaves) until gets to the sink (target, anywhere)
umm.. i think thats all to say, unless i remember later
golly i'm behind. i really have to study for biology too. i am dead.
well.. no turning back.. must press on. notes time.
as we know, xylem and phloem are the transport systems in plants. today we got into detail.
XYLEM
they are single-cell thick tubes. how it starts is its a column of cells, and the tops and bottoms dissolve leaving a tube. xylem is made of dead cells.
PHLOEM
they're living cells. they're not exactly hollow tubes, instead of the tops and bottoms of the cells dissolving completley, they have holes and are hence known as sieve cells. since they're living, they need to function, but have no nucleus, so phloem cells have companion cells to do metabolizing for them.
xylem and phloem are always adjacent, so that water can diffuse from the xylem to the phloem as necessary to transport organic material. the process uses active transport, which means it spends energy to do this. it's all diffusion until the concentrated sugar (from the source, normally leaves) until gets to the sink (target, anywhere)
umm.. i think thats all to say, unless i remember later
Wednesday, November 25, 2009
bio (1124) - MaB: organ blood
first of all.. to catch up on what i missed the day before.. we talked about (without me) donated blood and artificial blood.
turns out not all of the blood that is donated is used, only parts of it. like anemic people need the red blood cells, people with severe bacterial infections need white, etc.
as for arteficial blood, it is a chemical that can actually last longer than normal blood. however, it only does the role of delivering oxygen and taking carbon dioxide, it does not fight any infections.
anyway.. onto today's topic. blood in organs, would be composed of different things. besides oxygen that comes out of blood, and carbon dioxide that goes in.. it depends where you are really.
eg. blood would be loaded with nutrients after leaving the intestines.
blood would have heaps of waste products on its way to the kidneys, and heaps of water. it'll dump all that off, and some water and nutrients could be returned.
blood from the lungs obviously would have heaps of oxygen in it.
blood from the liver would have glycogen in it, or it could carry toxins to the liver such as alcohol.
and of course, blood would carry carbon dioxide from any tissue that it passes through, after leaving some oxygen behind.
turns out not all of the blood that is donated is used, only parts of it. like anemic people need the red blood cells, people with severe bacterial infections need white, etc.
as for arteficial blood, it is a chemical that can actually last longer than normal blood. however, it only does the role of delivering oxygen and taking carbon dioxide, it does not fight any infections.
anyway.. onto today's topic. blood in organs, would be composed of different things. besides oxygen that comes out of blood, and carbon dioxide that goes in.. it depends where you are really.
eg. blood would be loaded with nutrients after leaving the intestines.
blood would have heaps of waste products on its way to the kidneys, and heaps of water. it'll dump all that off, and some water and nutrients could be returned.
blood from the lungs obviously would have heaps of oxygen in it.
blood from the liver would have glycogen in it, or it could carry toxins to the liver such as alcohol.
and of course, blood would carry carbon dioxide from any tissue that it passes through, after leaving some oxygen behind.
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